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A 2D and 3D finite element formulation for modeling bulk metal forming procesess using a rigid-viscoplastic material model (flow formulation) was developed. Its main features are: it is based on an Eulerian description of the material flow implemented using the pseudo-concentration method; it allows the coupling of the elastic and thermo-elastic deformation of the forming tools and includes, in the model of material under deformation, the thermo-mechanical coupling. The developed formulation was implemented in the finite element code METFOR. This code was applied to the analysis of: the hot rolling of flat products, the vertical rolling of slabs (edging) and the hot upsetting of cylindrical samples. The features of this formulation, described above, were fundamental for the profile and flatness analysis of the hot rolled products because it is necessary to take into account the rolls deformation due to thermal and mechanical (bending and flattening) loading. The technological applic
