In this paper, we describe the development of a mobile butterfly-watching learning (BWL) system to

In this paper, we describe the development of a mobile butterfly-watching learning (BWL) system to realize outdoor independent learning for mobile learners. The mobile butterfly-watching learning system was designed in a wireless mobile ad-hoc learning environment. This is first result to provide a cognitive tool with supporting the independent learning by applying PDA with wireless communication technology to extend learning outside of the classroom. Independent learning consists of self-selection, self-determination, self-modification, and self-checking.